Invoices are laws in the making. They enter into force when approved by both Houses and by the President of the Philippines. A bill can be rejected by the president, but the House of Representatives can override a presidential veto by getting a 2/3 vote. If the President fails to respond to a bill introduced by Congress, it takes effect 30 days after it is received. The college of the executive is the Council of Ministers (Consejo de Ministros), which is composed of the President, Vice-President(s) and Ministers. It meets weekly. In 1991, the Instituto Cervantes was founded to promote the Spanish language in general and spread culture in Spanish. It is a non-profit organization whose main governing body is the Board of Directors, whose honorary president is the King of Spain. The executive presidency corresponds to the president of the government. Congress is responsible for enacting enabling legislation to ensure respect for the spirit of the Constitution in the country, and sometimes for supplementing or amending the Constitution itself.
In order to create laws, the legislature submits two main documents: bills and resolutions. Filipino electoral representation in the Philippines began when the U.S. island government authorized partial self-government through the creation of the Philippine Assembly. The Assembly, as the House of Commons, shared legislative power with the Philippine Commission, which remained under U.S. control, as the composition of the Philippine Commission was still limited to appointed U.S. officials. In 1907, still under U.S. rule, the Philippines held its first national elections for the newly created representative body, which initially had 81 Filipinos representing their respective districts. In the following years, the number of districts was increased to 85 in 1910 and 91 in 1912.
Laws of India, the body of law promulgated by the Spanish Crown in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries for the government of its kingdoms (colonies) outside Europe, mainly in America; specifically, a series of collections of decrees (cedulas) compiled and published with royal permission, culminating in the Recopilación de las leyes de los reinos de Indias (1680). Since the beginning of the colonization of America, Castilian law was the basic private law in the colonies, but since there were special conditions, the Spanish crown enacted laws in the field of public law specifically for India (America). An important aspect of this legislation was therefore the adaptation of Castilian administrative and judicial institutions to the state needs of the New World. The laws of Burgos were promulgated in December. On 27, 1512, by Ferdinand II, the Catholic, governed the relations between the Spaniards and the conquered Indians, especially to ensure the spiritual and material well-being of the latter, who were often treated severely. Charles I`s New Laws of India (1542), which sought to correct shortcomings in the previous code, met with armed resistance from American colonists and was reissued in a weaker version in 1552. In the same year, a Commercial Code was published for the Casa de Contratación (Chamber of Commerce). In 1563, the powers and procedures of colonial audiencias (courts) were established.
The Discovery Ordinances issued in 1573 prohibited unauthorized operations against independent Indian tribes. In accordance with article 136 of the Constitution, this Court of Audit is the supreme body for regulating the accounts of the State and financial management as well as the public sector. As explained above, it is attached to the Cortes Generales and any dispute arising from its powers or functions will be decided by the Constitutional Court. It is governed by the Court of Audit Act of 1982 (Ley Orgánica 2/1982). Its president is appointed by the King from among his members at the request of the plenary assembly for a three-year term. The plenary is composed of twelve members and the Attorney General. Cortes de Cadiz acts as a government in exile. The France under Napoleon had taken control of most of Spain during the Peninsula War after 1808. The Cortes found refuge in the fortified coastal city of Cadiz. The Cortes generals were assembled in Cadiz, but as many provinces could not send representatives due to the French occupation, deputies were elected from among the inhabitants of the city. Liberal factions dominated the corps and enforced the Spanish Constitution of 1812. However, Ferdinand VII set them aside after his restoration in 1814 and pursued conservative policies that made the constitution an icon for liberal movements in Spain.
Many military coups were attempted, and eventually Colonel Rafael del Riego managed to accept the liberal constitution, leading to the three liberal years (Trienio Liberal). The monarch not only did everything he could to obstruct the government (for example, veto almost every law), but also asked many powers, including the Holy Alliance, to invade his own country and restore its absolutist forces. He eventually received a French army (Les Cent Mille Fils de Saint-Louis), which met resistance only in liberal cities, but easily crushed the national militia and ironically forced many liberals into exile in France. In his second absolutist period until his death in 1833, Ferdinand VII was more cautious and did not attempt to completely restore the Ancien Régime. The Council of State is the highest advisory body of the Government. It is governed by Law 3/1980 of 22 April 1980 (Ley Orgánica 3/1980).