Environmental pollution in the 1970s was also more concrete. However, Dalton and Rohrschneider (2002) examined the relationship between individual support for post-materialist values and membership in environmental organizations and found that the correlation was modest in rich countries and barely existed in poor countries. Postmaterialism may not be as good a predictor of environmentalism as some observers assume, because environmentalism combines post-materialist aesthetics and principled concerns with environmentalism with essentially materialistic concerns about security, whether about air or water pollution or the effects of nuclear energy and climate change. Even global environmental concerns, often seen by citizens of the rich North as a post-materialist gesture of concern for the plight of the poor of the South, could be described as materialistic, because sooner or later the effects of environmental degradation in the South will also be felt in the North. Around the world, as in the United States, activists and environmental groups are facing increasingly organized and sometimes violent resistance. From the bombing of a Greenpeace ship in New Zealand and the use of strategic public participation prosecutions (SLAPP) against anti-road activists in the UK, to the imprisonment of anti-dam activists in Malaysia, to the violent – sometimes deadly – attacks on activists in Mexico, Costa Rica, Nigeria and Brazil, there have been many cases of a growing global «backlash» against the protection of the environment (Rowell 1996). While these events are certainly sobering for those involved in the environmental movement, most observers recognize that the reaction reflects fears of a social movement`s success. As environmental protection strengthens around the world, it will undoubtedly provoke increasing resistance. Here are some of the words that defined the week ending April 24, 2020 Most research on the social background of environmental activists and national EMOs has found that they are relatively educated, more likely to be employed in teaching, creative or caring professions, and very often the offspring of educated parents (Rootes, 1995). For this reason, environmentalism has sometimes been interpreted as the self-serving politics of a «new class» composed of people professionally engaged in the cultivation and manipulation of symbols, who are opposed or indifferent to the interests of those whose work involves the manipulation of material things. However, environmental activists do not come exclusively from these backgrounds, and support for EMOs and environmental activism, as well as green attitudes, is more prevalent in most societies than the «new class» thesis suggests. Environmental protection is used as a general term for concern for the environment and, in particular, actions or advocacy groups aimed at limiting the negative impacts of man on the environment.
Such concerns and actions are not new, and the roots of what we now understand as environmentalism go back to ancient civilizations. Contemporary environmentalism is associated with a number of social and political movements that have emerged to promote certain environmental philosophies and practices. There have been many attempts to classify these activities, most of which have pursued a dualistic strategy that has pitted those who care about protecting the environment for its own sake (ecocentrism) against those who care about the environment because of its role in human development (anthropocentrism). However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to group the range of environmental concerns, organizations and actions in this way, not least because environmental concerns have increasingly been addressed by different forms of public policy in the 21st century. Nevertheless, systemic environmental challenges remain, and emerging varieties of environmental protection with new qualifiers – including «new», entrepreneurial, authoritarian and even post-ecological imprints – are identified and discussed across disciplinary boundaries and between academics and activists, as well as policymakers and designers. If Jensen`s method «shows» that the causes of IQ gains are environmental, it would pay off if it showed which environmental factors led to gains. In fact, his results cannot really differentiate, not even in favor of the biological versus the cultural. This question can only be decided by historical investigations. Examine the history of reproduction from one generation to the next and assess whether it could explain the magnitude of IQ gains over time. Look at nutritional records from one generation to the next and see if she has the power to explain what IQ gains have occurred.
The answer to both questions is no. With the caveat that nutrition is active in developing countries and was active even in advanced countries before 1950 (Flynn, 2012a). In 1979, James Lovelock, a British scientist, published Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, which proposed the Gaia hypothesis; This suggests that life on Earth can be understood as a single organism. It has become an important part of the Deep Green ideology. Throughout the rest of environmentalism`s history, there have been debates and clashes between the most radical adherents of this deep green ideology and mainstream environmentalists. Psychology cannot ignore biology, and some, especially those alienated by the extreme environmentalism prevalent in the twentieth-century social sciences, were convinced that psychology was ready to ignore Darwin. They interpreted its relevance as follows. Human traits change through the natural selection of genes favorable to this trait. It is true that natural selection is a response to environmental changes, that is, a new environmental challenge makes those with certain genes previously irrelevant or counterproductive more likely to reproduce. Gray butterflies tend to be easy prey for birds, but factory smoke blackens the air around cities and being gray has a survival value that spreads throughout the species.
But it takes several generations for natural selection to alter species, far too long to explain the escalation of IQ gains over a century. In examining these policy responses to environmental protection, states and supranational organizations seem to have taken different paths, reflecting their history and political mandate. The current division of responsibilities generally respects the principle of subsidiarity, according to which problems must be dealt with at the lowest appropriate level. Global problems are dealt with at global level (i.e. the United Nations), regional problems at regional level (e.g. the EU) and the rest at national or sub-national level. Environmental groups and scientists have learned to work at all levels by moving environmental policy out of the realm of purely state-led action and into a tiered system of government (see Jordan and Adelle, 2012). In the mid-1970s, many thought people were on the brink of environmental disaster. The back-to-the-land movement began to form, and ideas of environmental ethics combined with anti-Vietnam War sentiment and other political issues. These individuals lived outside normal society and began to adopt some of the more radical environmental theories such as deep ecology. At that time, more traditional environmentalism began to gain strength with the signing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the creation of CITES in 1975.
Significant changes were also made to the U.S. Clean Air Act[47] and the Clean Water Act.[48] Deep ecology is a term introduced by Arne Naess to indicate that protecting the environment in its strongest incarnation must have a fundamental shift in how humanity defines itself as part of nature. Many ecologists have promoted deep ecology as the philosophical basis of authentic environmental policy. In assessing the environmental impact of human practices, deep ecology is not limited to asking questions about the impact on human interests, but questions the consequences for the whole of nature. Deep ecology therefore promotes a way of life that seeks harmony with nature. Postmaterialism is also relatively weakly correlated with support for environmentalism, as concern for the environment is both represented by different social groups: on the one hand, well-trained «post-materialist» ecologists who are more concerned with global environmental problems with relatively distant effects than with fear for their own safety; and secondly, by people who tend to be less educated and more concerned about the dangers that environmental damage poses to their own material security. Postmaterialism is a better predictor of environmental activism than environmental concerns because, like most forms of political activism and as opposed to anxiety, environmental activism is strongly correlated with higher education. Similarly, the significant correlation that Dalton (2005) found between national prosperity and membership in environmental organizations may exist simply because wealth is linked to membership in civil society groups in general. Environmental protection or rights is a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement related to protecting the environment and improving the health of the environment, especially since action for this health aims to include the effects of environmental changes on humans, animals, plants and non-living matter. [circular definition] While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, environmentalism combines the ideology of social ecology and environmental protection.