Once present mainly in emerging democracies, populism is now in power in long-established democracies. From 1950 to 2000, populism was identified with the political style and agenda of Latin American leaders such as Juan Perón in Argentina and Hugo Chávez in Venezuela. At the beginning of the 21st century, populist authoritarian regimes emerged in European and Latin American countries, particularly in Hungary and Brazil. Far-right populism in Europe: takeover of a reified association – Stavrakakis, Yannis; Katsambekis, Giorgos; Nikisianis, Nikos; Kioupkiolis, Alexandros; Siomos, Thomas; Critical Discourse Studies, 08 August 2017, Vol.14(4), pp.420-439. In India, right-wing populism came into play in the late 1980s through the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the current ruling political party with close ties to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Right-wing populism was promoted by the RSS, which over the centuries opposed the persecution of Hindus by various invading forces and was also attributed to the concept of Hindutva. He promises to protect the ancient religion and culture of Hinduism and has strong views against the destruction of his ancient heritage in India. The BJP became an important force in the state legislatures and parliament in the 1990s by raising the issue of establishing the Ram Mandir (temple) by demolishing the existing Babri Mosque (allegedly built by demolishing a Hindu temple) in Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Bjp and other right-wing conservative organizations such as Vishva Hindu Parishad, Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha, etc. argue that the mosque was built in 1526 by Babur, the Turkish-Mongolian Muslim founder of the Mughal Empire in India, by demolishing a temple dedicated to Lord Ram. This issue is known as the Ayodhya Litigation, for which the Supreme Court of India announced the final verdict on November 9, 2019.
The Supreme Court of India has ordered that the disputed land (2.77 hectares) be handed over to a trust (to be established by the Indian government) to build the Ram Janmabhoomi Temple (revered as the birthplace of the Hindu deity Ram). The court also ordered the government to give the Waqf`s Sunni board of directors an alternative of 5 hectares (almost twice as much as Ram Janmabhumi) of land elsewhere for the purpose of building a mosque. In 2005, a pro-German national citizens` movement was founded in Cologne. The pro-German movement appears as a conglomerate of many small parties, voter associations and societies characterized by campaigns against extremism[125] and immigrants. Its representatives call for a zero-tolerance policy and the fight against corruption. With the denial of a multi-ethnic society (alienation) and Islamization, its policy extends to far-right positions. Other small right-wing populist parties are the Freedom Party of Germany, founded in 2010, the former Social Union of the GDR (DSU) and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive («Schill Party»). Nevertheless, Vasilopoulou and Halikiopoulou, 2015 characterize GD`s discourse as a «populist ultra-nationalism» inextricably linked to the financial crisis in Greece (see also Halikiopoulou, 2018; Vasilopoulou et al., 2014). The concept of a populist style, as defined by Moffitt, Pels and others in the introductory part, would also tend to position the DG as a party that articulates a resolutely sui generis and socioculturally specific style of populism. In her public and official appearances in the mainstream media and in the Greek parliament, the DG never alludes to neo-Nazi ideology or the decline of democracy. On the contrary, as we will see below, the conflict between «the people» and the vested interests of the political status quo is a constant in their discourse.
In the early 1970s, it was home to Denmark`s most powerful right-wing populist party, the Progressive Party. [117] In the 1973 election, he received nearly 16% of the vote. [118] In the years that followed, his support declined, but was replaced in the 1990s by the Danish People`s Party, which in the 2000s (decade) was a major support party for the ruling liberal-conservative coalition. [119] The Danish People`s Party is today the largest and most influential right-wing populist party in Denmark. It won 37 seats[120] in the 2015 Danish general election and became the second largest party in Denmark. The Danish People`s Party advocates the reduction of immigration, especially from non-Western countries, advocates the cultural assimilation of first-generation migrants into Danish society and opposes Denmark becoming a multicultural society. Rural Anger: The Roots of Right-Wing Populism in the United States – Berlet, Chip; Sunshine, Spencer; The Journal of Peasant Studies, April 16, 2019, Vol. 46(3), pp. 480-513. Second, there has been a growing entrenchment of these parties in their respective political systems through access to power.
A significant number of right-wing populist parties have recently governed or served as formal cooperation partners in right-wing minority governments. Examples include the Lega in Italy, the FPÖ in Austria, Law and Justice (PiS) in Poland, Fidesz in Hungary, the Danish People`s Party (DF) and the National Alliance (NA) in Latvia. The so-called cordon sanitaire – the policy of marginalising extreme parties – has collapsed even in countries where it has always been effective, such as Estonia and Sweden. Given these points, we think it makes more sense to view the mediatized performance of political populism as a process of continuous dynamic style than as a static production in which a series of linguistic and discursive decisions always mean identity and value in a similar way. In this way, we offer a new approach to analyzing the current right-wing populist style in contemporary media contexts to listen to and look at audiences and a deeper understanding of what style is and why it has become so central in current definitions of populism (Bossetta, 2017, Corner and Pels, 2003, Krã¤mer, 2014, Moffitt 2016, Mudde, 2007, Schoor, 2017, street, 2003). After all, the apocalyptic narratives and millennial visions of right-wing populists await an imminent confrontation with these evil elites. This could be the beginning of a new Christian era or civil war to «reconquer the nation.» Millennialism is the idea that a perfect society can be created. While this is not a negative belief in itself, it can create dangerous situations when combined with these other elements of right-wing populism. (4) Ibid., p. 11.
See also Apocalyptic aggression, www.apocalypticaggression.com. Some elements of the Patriot movement want to launch a «second American Revolution» that will overturn hundreds of years of American history and bring time back to its ideal society of 1776. The implications not only for the political system – but also for racial, gender and sexual inequalities – should not be overlooked. The speed with which right-wing populism has spread around the world, or at least in countries with democratic systems, is remarkable, Merelli said, continuing: «When this decade began, almost none of the parties and leaders that now govern or appear to be the world were on anyone`s radar. Now these movements are spreading rapidly. Among the world`s democracies, a growing number of them have embraced right-wing populism and have governments led or supported by populist parties. After a varied and more moderate performance in the 1990s and early 2000s, the 2008 financial crisis and the 2015 refugee crisis led to an increase in support for right-wing populist parties across Europe. Worryingly, these developments have come at the expense of the mainstream: while the average electoral outcome of right-wing populist parties has steadily increased over time, support for both the dominant left and right has declined (Figure 1). In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the main right-wing populist force. [188] Researchers use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as the «radical right»[37] or other terms such as the new nationalism. [38] Pippa Norris noted that «standard works use alternative typologies and various designations that classify parties as `extreme` or `extreme` right,» «new right,» «anti-immigrant,» or «neo-fascist,» «anti-establishment,» «national-populist,» «protester,» «ethnic,» «authoritarian,» «anti-government,» «anti-party,» «ultra-nationalist,» «neoliberal,» «right-libertarian,» etc.[39] George Wallace, who was elected governor of Alabama first became known nationally in 1963 for its segregationist stance, which was particularly highlighted by its attempts to prevent black students from entering the University of Alabama.